15
Under Christianity neither morality nor religion has any point of contact with actuality. It offers purely imaginary causes ("God" "soul," "ego," "spirit," "free will" -- "unfree will" for that matter), and purely imaginary effects ("sin," "salvation," "grace," "punishment," "forgiveness of sins"). Intercourse between imaginary beings ("God," "spirits," "souls"); an imaginary natural science (anthropocentric; a total denial of the concept of natural causes); an imaginary psychology (misunderstandings of self, misinterpretations of agreeable or disagreeable general feelings -- for example, of the states of the nervus sympathicus with the help of the sign-language of religio-ethical balderdash -- , "repentance," "pangs of conscience," "temptation by the devil," "the presence of God"); an imaginary teleology (the "kingdom of God," "the last judgment," "eternal life"). -- This purely fictitious world, greatly to its disadvantage, is to be differentiated from the world of dreams; the later at least reflects reality, whereas the former falsifies it, cheapens it and denies it. Once the concept of "nature" had been opposed to the concept of "God," the word "natural" necessarily took on the meaning of "abominable" -- the whole of that fictitious world has its sources in hatred of the natural (-- the real! --), and is no more than evidence of a profound uneasiness in the presence of reality. . . . This explains everything. Who alone has any reason for lying his way out of reality? The man who suffers under it. But to suffer from reality one must be a botched reality. . . . The preponderance of pains over pleasures is the cause of this fictitious morality and religion: but such a preponderance also supplies the formula for decadence...
16
A criticism of the Christian concept of God leads inevitably to the same conclusion. -- A nation that still believes in itself holds fast to its own god. In him it does honour to the conditions which enable it to survive, to its virtues -- it projects its joy in itself, its feeling of power, into a being to whom one may offer thanks. He who is rich will give of his riches; a proud people need a god to whom they can make sacrifices. . . Religion, within these limits, is a form of gratitude. A man is grateful for his own existence: to that end he needs a god. -- Such a god must be able to work both benefits and injuries; he must be able to play either friend or foe -- he is wondered at for the good he does as well as for the evil he does. But the castration, against all nature, of such a god, making him a god of goodness alone, would be contrary to human inclination. Mankind has just as much need for an evil god as for a good god; it doesn't have to thank mere tolerance and humanitarianism for its own existence. . . . What would be the value of a god who knew nothing of anger, revenge, envy, scorn, cunning, violence? who had perhaps never experienced the rapturous ardeurs of victory and of destruction? No one would understand such a god: why should any one want him? -- True enough, when a nation is on the downward path, when it feels its belief in its own future, its hope of freedom slipping from it, when it begins to see submission as a first necessity and the virtues of submission as measures of self-preservation, then it must overhaul its god. He then becomes a hypocrite, timorous and demure; he counsels "peace of soul," hate-no-more, leniency, "love" of friend and foe. He moralizes endlessly; he creeps into every private virtue; he becomes the god of every man; he becomes a private citizen, a cosmopolitan. . . Formerly he represented a people, the strength of a people, everything aggressive and thirsty for power in the soul of a people; now he is simply the good god...The truth is that there is no other alternative for gods: either they are the will to power -- in which case they are national gods -- or incapacity for power -- in which case they have to be good.
17
Wherever the will to power begins to decline, in whatever form, there is always an accompanying decline physiologically, a decadence. The divinity of this decadence, shorn of its masculine virtues and passions, is converted perforce into a god of the physiologically degraded, of the weak. Of course, they do not call themselves the weak; they call themselves "the good." . . . No hint is needed to indicate the moments in history at which the dualistic fiction of a good and an evil god first became possible. The same instinct which prompts the inferior to reduce their own god to "goodness-in-itself" also prompts them to eliminate all good qualities from the god of their superiors; they make revenge on their masters by making a devil of the latter's god. -- The good god, and the devil like him -- both are abortions of decadence. -- How can we be so tolerant of the naïveté of Christian theologians as to join in their doctrine that the evolution of the concept of god from "the god of Israel," the god of a people, to the Christian god, the essence of all goodness, is to be described as progress? -- But even Renan does this. As if Renan had a right to be naïve! The contrary actually stares one in the face. When everything necessary to ascending life; when all that is strong, courageous, masterful and proud has been eliminated from the concept of a god; when he has sunk step by step to the level of a staff for the weary, a sheet-anchor for the drowning; when he be comes the poor man's god, the sinner's god, the invalid's godpar excellence, and the attribute of "saviour" or "redeemer" remains as the one essential attribute of divinity -- just what is the significance of such a metamorphosis? what does such a reduction of the godhead imply? -- To be sure, the "kingdom of God" has thus grown larger. Formerly he had only his own people, his "chosen" people. But since then he has gone wandering, like his people themselves, into foreign parts; he has given up settling down quietly anywhere; finally he has come to feel at home everywhere, and is the great cosmopolitan -- until now he has the "great majority" on his side, and half the earth. But this god of the "great majority," this democrat among gods, has not become a proud heathen god: on the contrary, he remains a Jew, he remains a god in a corner, a god of all the dark nooks and crevices, of all the noisesome quarters of the world! . . His earthly kingdom, now as always, is a kingdom of the underworld, a souterrain kingdom, a ghetto kingdom. . . And he himself is so pale, so weak, so decadent . . . Even the palest of the pale are able to master him -- my dear metaphysicians, those albinos of the intellect. They spun their webs around him for so long that finally he was hypnotized, and began to spin himself, and became another metaphysician. Thereafter he resumed once more his old business of spinning the world out of his inmost being sub specie Spinozae; thereafter he be came ever thinner and paler -- became the "ideal," became "pure spirit," became "the absolute," became "the thing-in-itself." . . . Decay of a god: he became a "thing-in-itself."
18
The Christian concept of a god -- the god as the patron of the sick, the god as a spinner of cobwebs, the god as a spirit -- is one of the most corrupt concepts that has ever been set up in the world: it probably touches low-water mark in the ebbing evolution of the god-type. God degenerated into the contradiction of life. Instead of being its transfiguration and eternal Yes! In him war is declared on life, on nature, on the will to live! God becomes the formula for every slander upon the "here and now," and for every lie about the "beyond"! In him nothingness is deified, and the will to nothingness is made holy! . . .
19
The fact that the strong races of northern Europe did not repudiate this Christian god does little credit to their gift for religion -- and not much more to their taste. They ought to have felt compelled to make an end of such a moribund and worn-out product of decadence. A curse lies upon them because they were not equal to it; they made illness, decrepitude and contradiction a part of their instincts -- and since then they have not managed to create any more gods. Two thousand years have come and gone -- and not a single new god! Instead, there still exists, and as if by some intrinsic right, -- as if he were the ultimatum and maximum of the power to create gods, of the creator spiritus in mankind -- this pitiful god of Christian monotono-theism! This hybrid image of decay, conjured up out of emptiness, contradiction and vain imagining, in which all the instincts of decadence, all the cowardices and wearinesses of the soul find their sanction! --
20
In my condemnation of Christianity I surely hope I do no injustice to a related religion with an even larger number of believers: I allude to Buddhism. Both are to be reckoned among the nihilistic religions -- they are both decadence religions -- but they are separated from each other in a very remarkable way. For the fact that he is able to compare them at all the critic of Christianity is indebted to the scholars of India. -- Buddhism is a hundred times as realistic as Christianity -- it is part of its living heritage that it is able to face problems objectively and coolly; it is the end-product of long centuries of philosophical speculation. The concept, "god," was already disposed of before it appeared. Buddhism is the only genuinely positivist religion to be encountered in history, and this applies even to its epistemology (which is a strict phenomenalism) -- It does not speak of a "struggle against sin," but, in deference to reality, of the "struggle against suffering." Sharply differentiating itself from Christianity, it puts the self-deception that lies in moral concepts be hind it; it is, in my phrase, beyond good and evil. -- The two physiological facts upon which it grounds itself and upon which it bestows its chief attention are: first, an excessive sensitiveness to sensation, which manifests itself as a refined susceptibility to pain, and secondly, an extraordinary spirituality, a too protracted concern with concepts and logical procedures, under the influence of which the instinct of personality has yielded to a notion of the "impersonal." (-- Both of these states will be familiar to a few of my readers, the objective ones, by experience, as they are to me). These physiological states produced a depression, and Buddha tried to combat it by hygienic measures. Against it he prescribed a life in the open, a life of travel; moderation in eating and a careful selection of foods; caution in the use of intoxicants; the same caution in arousing any of the passions that foster a bilious habit and heat the blood; finally, no anxiety, either on one's own account or on account of others. He encourages ideas that make for either quiet contentment or good cheer -- he finds means to combat ideas of other sorts. He understands good, the state of goodness, as something which promotes health. Prayer is not included, and neither is asceticism. There is no categorical imperative nor any compulsion, even within the walls of a monastery (-- it is always possible to leave --). These things would have been simply means of increasing the excessive sensitiveness above mentioned. For the same reason he does not advocate any conflict with unbelievers; his teaching is antagonistic to nothing so much as to revenge, aversion, ressentiment (-- "enmity never brings an end to enmity": the moving refrain of all Buddhism. . .) And in all this he was right, for it is precisely these passions which, in view of his main regiminal purpose, are unhealthful. The mental fatigue that he observes, already plainly displayed in too much "objectivity" (that is, in the individual's loss of interest in himself, in loss of balance and of "egoism"), he combats by strong efforts to lead even the spiritual interests back to the ego. In Buddha's teaching egoism is a duty. The "one thing needful," the question "how can you be delivered from suffering," regulates and determines the whole spiritual diet. (-- Perhaps one will here recall that Athenian who also declared war upon pure "scientificality," to wit, Socrates, who also elevated egoism to the estate of a morality) .
21
The things necessary to Buddhism are a very mild climate, customs of great gentleness and liberality, and no militarism; moreover, it must get its start among the higher and better educated classes. Cheerfulness, quiet and the absence of desire are the chief desiderata, and they are attained. Buddhism is not a religion in which perfection is merely an object of aspiration: perfection is actually normal. -- Under Christianity the instincts of the subjugated and the oppressed come to the fore: it is only those who are at the bottom who seek their salvation in it. Here the prevailing pastime, the favourite remedy for boredom is the discussion of sin, self-criticism, the inquisition of conscience; here the emotion produced by power (called "God") is pumped up (by prayer); here the highest good is regarded as unattainable, as a gift, as "grace." Here, too, open dealing is lacking; concealment and the darkened room are Christian. Here body is despised and hygiene is denounced as sensual; the church even ranges itself against cleanliness (-- the first Christian order after the banishment of the Moors closed the public baths, of which there were 270 in Cordova alone) . Christian, too; is a certain cruelty toward one's self and toward others; hatred of unbelievers; the will to persecute. Sombre and disquieting ideas are in the foreground; the most esteemed states of mind, bearing the most respectable names are epileptoid; the diet is so regulated as to engender morbid symptoms and over-stimulate the nerves. Christian, again, is all deadly enmity to the rulers of the earth, to the "aristocratic" -- along with a sort of secret rivalry with them (-- one resigns one's "body" to them -- one wants only one's "soul" . . . ). And Christian is all hatred of the intellect, of pride, of courage of freedom, of intellectual libertinage; Christian is all hatred of the senses, of joy in the senses, of joy in general . . .
22
When Christianity departed from its native soil, that of the lowest orders, the underworld of the ancient world, and began seeking power among barbarian peoples, it no longer had to deal with exhausted men, but with men still inwardly savage and capable of self torture -- in brief, strong men, but bungled men. Here, unlike in the case of the Buddhists, the cause of discontent with self, suffering through self, is not merely a general sensitiveness and susceptibility to pain, but, on the contrary, an inordinate thirst for inflicting pain on others, a tendency to obtain subjective satisfaction in hostile deeds and ideas. Christianity had to embrace barbaric concepts and valuations in order to obtain mastery over barbarians: of such sort, for example, are the sacrifices of the first-born, the drinking of blood as a sacrament, the disdain of the intellect and of culture; torture in all its forms, whether bodily or not; the whole pomp of the cult. Buddhism is a religion for peoples in a further state of development, for races that have become kind, gentle and over-spiritualized (-- Europe is not yet ripe for it --): it is a summons that takes them back to peace and cheerfulness, to a careful rationing of the spirit, to a certain hardening of the body. Christianity aims at mastering beasts of prey; its modus operandi is to make them ill -- to make feeble is the Christian recipe for taming, for "civilizing." Buddhism is a religion for the closing, over-wearied stages of civilization. Christianity appears before civilization has so much as begun -- under certain circumstances it lays the very foundations thereof.
23
Buddhism, I repeat, is a hundred times more austere, more honest, more
objective. It no longer has to justify its pains, its susceptibility to suffering,
by interpreting these things in terms of sin -- it simply says, as it simply
thinks, "I suffer." To the barbarian, however, suffering in itself is scarcely
understandable: what he needs, first of all, is an explanation as to why he
suffers. (His mere instinct prompts him to deny his suffering altogether, or
to endure it in silence.) Here the word "devil" was a blessing: man had to
have an omnipotent and terrible enemy -- there was no need to be
ashamed of suffering at the hands of such an enemy.
-- At the bottom of Christianity there are several subtleties that belong to
the Orient. In the first place, it knows that it is of very little consequence
whether a thing be true or not, so long as it is believed to be true. Truth
and faith: here we have two wholly distinct worlds of ideas, almost two
diametrically opposite worlds -- the road to the one and the road to the
other lie miles apart. To understand that fact thoroughly -- this is almost
enough, in the Orient, to make one a sage. The Brahmins knew it, Plato
knew it, every student of the esoteric knows it. When, for example, a man
gets any pleasure out of the notion that he has been saved from sin, it is
not necessary for him to be actually sinful, but merely to feel sinful. But
when faith is thus exalted above everything else, it necessarily follows that
reason, knowledge and patient inquiry have to be discredited: the road to
the truth becomes a forbidden road. -- Hope, in its stronger forms, is a
great deal more powerful stimulans to life than any sort of realized joy
can ever be. Man must be sustained in suffering by a hope so high that no
conflict with actuality can dash it -- so high, indeed, that no fulfillment can
satisfy it: a hope reaching out beyond this world. (Precisely because of
this power that hope has of making the suffering hold out, the Greeks
regarded it as the evil of evils, as the malign of evils; it remained
behind at the source of all evil [in Pandora’s box].) -- In order that love may be possible,
God must become a person; in order that the lower instincts may take a
hand in the matter God must be young. To satisfy the ardor of the woman
a beautiful saint must appear on the scene, and to satisfy that of the men
there must be a virgin. These things are necessary if Christianity is to
assume lordship over a soil on which some cult of Aphrodite or Adonis
has already established a concept as to what a cult ought to be. To insist
upon chastity greatly strengthens the vehemence and subjectivity of the
religious instinct -- it makes the cult warmer, more enthusiastic, more
soulful. -- Love is the state in which man sees things most decidedly as they
are not. The force of illusion reaches its highest here, and so does the
capacity for sweetening, for transfiguring. When a man is in love he
endures more than at any other time; he submits to anything. The problem
was to devise a religion which would allow one to love: by this means the
worst that life has to offer is overcome -- it is scarcely even noticed. -- So
much for the three Christian virtues: faith, hope and charity: I call them the
three Christian ingenuities. -- Buddhism is in too late a stage of
development, too full of positivism, to be shrewd in any such way. --
24
Here I barely touch upon the problem of the origin of Christianity. The
first thing necessary to its solution is this: that Christianity is to be
understood only by examining the soil from which it sprung -- it is not a
reaction against Jewish instincts; it is their inevitable product; it is simply
one more step in the awe-inspiring logic of the Jews. In the words of the
Redeemer, "salvation is of the Jews." -- The second thing to remember is
this: that the psychological type of the Galilean is still to be recognized, but
it was only in its most degenerate form (which is at once maimed and
overladen with foreign features) that it could serve in the manner in which
it has been used: as a type of the Redeemer of mankind.
The Jews are the most remarkable people in the history of the world,
for when they were confronted with the question, to be or not to be, they
chose, with perfectly unearthly deliberation, to be at any price: this price
involved a radical falsification of all nature, of all naturalness, of all
reality, of the whole inner world, as well as of the outer. They put
themselves against all those conditions under which, hitherto, a people
had been able to live, or had even been permitted to live; out of
themselves they evolved an idea which stood in direct opposition to
natural conditions -- one by one they distorted religion, civilization,
morality, history and psychology until each became a contradiction of its
natural significance. We meet with the same phenomenon later on, in an
incalculably exaggerated form, but only as a copy: the Christian church,
put beside the "people of God," shows a complete lack of any claim to
originality. Precisely for this reason the Jews are the most fateful people
in the history of the world: their influence has so falsified the reasoning of
mankind in this matter that today the Christian can cherish anti-Semitism
without realizing that it is no more than the final consequence of
Judaism.
In my Genealogy of Morals I give the first psychological explanation of
the concepts underlying those two antithetical things, a noble morality and
a ressentiment morality, the second of which is a mere product of the
denial of the former. The Judaeo-Christian moral system belongs to the
second division, and in every detail. In order to be able to say No to
everything representing an ascending evolution of life -- that is, to
well-being, to power, to beauty, to self-approval -- the instincts of
ressentiment, here become downright genius, had to invent another
world in which the affirmation of life appeared as the most evil and
abominable thing imaginable. Psychologically, the Jews are a people gifted
with the very strongest vitality, so much so that when they found
themselves facing impossible conditions of life they chose voluntarily, and
with a profound talent for self-preservation, the side of all those instincts
which make for decadence -- not as if mastered by them, but as if
detecting in them a power by which "the world" could be defied. The
Jews are the very opposite of decadents: they have simply been forced
into appearing in that guise, and with a degree of skill approaching the
non plus ultra of histrionic genius they have managed to put themselves
at the head of all decadent movements (-- for example, the Christianity of
Paul --), and so make of them something stronger than any party frankly
saying Yes to life. To the sort of men who reach out for power under
Judaism and Christianity, -- that is to say, to the priestly class -- decadence
is no more than a means to an end. Men of this sort have a vital interest in
making mankind sick, and in confusing the values of "good" and "bad,"
"true" and "false" in a manner that is not only dangerous to life, but also
slanders it.
To proceed to part 3, click here.